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Stack Overflow

A multi-page Q&A site — ranked question list and per-question answers — over a real Drizzle/PGlite database. The source tabs show the fully compiler-derived optimism behind voting and posting answers.

examples/stackoverflow/src/components/question-list.tsxtsx
/** @jsxImportSource @kovojs/server */
import { component, FormError } from '@kovojs/core';
import * as style from '@kovojs/style';

import { postQuestionMutation } from '../mutations.js';
import { questionList, questionScore } from '../queries.js';
import type { QuestionListItem, QuestionListResult, QuestionScoreResult } from '../model.js';
import { freshId } from '../components/chrome.js';
import { newestFirst, renderQuestionRow } from '../components/question-card.js';

// Palette inlined as a same-file literal (StyleX-style extraction resolves only
// same-file literals; SPEC §13.1). Mirrors the `so` palette in chrome.tsx.
const so = {
  bodyBg: '#f1f2f3',
  white: '#ffffff',
  border: '#e3e6e8',
  borderMed: '#d6d9dc',
  text: '#0c0d0e',
  textSecondary: '#232629',
  textMuted: '#525960',
  blue: '#0a95ff',
  blueHover: '#0074cc',
  blueText: '#ffffff',
} as const;

// Question list for `/`. It reads the question rowset and total vote score, then
// renders the KovOverflow "All Questions" header, the filter tabs, the question
// rows (stat rail + title + excerpt + tags + user card), and the ask composer.

type QuestionListQueryResult = QuestionListResult;
type QuestionScoreQueryResult = QuestionScoreResult;
interface DuplicateTitleFailure {
  code: 'DUPLICATE_TITLE';
  payload: { title: string };
}

const listStyles = style.create({
  pageHead: {
    alignItems: 'center',
    display: 'flex',
    gap: 16,
    justifyContent: 'space-between',
    marginBlockEnd: 14,
  },
  pageTitle: { color: so.text, fontSize: 27, fontWeight: 400, margin: 0 },
  askButton: {
    backgroundColor: so.blue,
    borderColor: so.blue,
    borderRadius: 4,
    borderStyle: 'solid',
    borderWidth: 1,
    color: so.blueText,
    flexShrink: 0,
    fontSize: 13,
    paddingBlock: 10,
    paddingInline: 11,
    textDecoration: 'none',
    ':hover': { backgroundColor: so.blueHover },
  },
  subHead: {
    alignItems: 'center',
    display: 'flex',
    flexWrap: 'wrap',
    gap: 12,
    justifyContent: 'space-between',
    marginBlockEnd: 14,
  },
  count: { color: so.textSecondary, fontSize: 17 },
  tabs: {
    borderColor: so.borderMed,
    borderRadius: 6,
    borderStyle: 'solid',
    borderWidth: 1,
    display: 'inline-flex',
    overflow: 'hidden',
  },
  tab: {
    borderInlineStartColor: so.borderMed,
    borderInlineStartStyle: 'solid',
    borderInlineStartWidth: 1,
    color: so.textMuted,
    fontSize: 13,
    paddingBlock: 8,
    paddingInline: 11,
    textDecoration: 'none',
    ':hover': { backgroundColor: '#f8f9f9', color: so.textSecondary },
  },
  tabFirst: { borderInlineStartWidth: 0 },
  tabActive: { backgroundColor: so.bodyBg, color: so.textSecondary },
  composer: {
    backgroundColor: so.white,
    borderColor: so.borderMed,
    borderRadius: 7,
    borderStyle: 'solid',
    borderWidth: 1,
    boxShadow: '0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.04)',
    display: 'grid',
    gap: 10,
    marginBlockStart: 28,
    padding: 18,
  },
  composerTitle: { color: so.text, fontSize: 18, fontWeight: 600, margin: 0 },
  composerHint: { color: so.textMuted, fontSize: 13, marginBlock: 0 },
  label: { color: so.text, fontSize: 14, fontWeight: 600 },
  input: {
    backgroundColor: so.white,
    borderColor: so.borderMed,
    borderRadius: 4,
    borderStyle: 'solid',
    borderWidth: 1,
    boxSizing: 'border-box',
    color: so.text,
    fontSize: 13,
    paddingBlock: 9,
    paddingInline: 11,
    width: '100%',
    ':focus': {
      borderColor: so.blue,
      boxShadow: '0 0 0 4px rgba(10,149,255,0.15)',
      outline: 'none',
    },
  },
  textarea: { lineHeight: 1.5, resize: 'vertical' },
  composerActions: { display: 'flex', justifyContent: 'flex-start' },
  submitButton: {
    backgroundColor: so.blue,
    borderColor: so.blue,
    borderRadius: 4,
    borderStyle: 'solid',
    borderWidth: 1,
    color: so.blueText,
    fontSize: 13,
    paddingBlock: 10,
    paddingInline: 11,
    ':hover': { backgroundColor: so.blueHover },
  },
  error: { color: '#c22e32', fontSize: 13 },
});

const FILTER_TABS = ['Newest', 'Active', 'Bountied', 'Unanswered'] as const;

// Interactive region rendered inside the full page and fragment responses.
export const QuestionListRegion = component({
  mutations: { postQuestion: postQuestionMutation },
  queries: { questionList, questionScore },
  render: (
    {
      questionList,
      questionScore,
    }: {
      questionList: QuestionListQueryResult;
      questionScore: QuestionScoreQueryResult;
    },
    _state,
    slots,
  ) => {
    const questions = newestFirst(questionList.items as QuestionListItem[]);
    const totalVotes = questionScore.score;

    return (
      <div>
        <div style={listStyles.pageHead}>
          <h1 style={listStyles.pageTitle}>All Questions</h1>
          <a href="#ask-question" style={listStyles.askButton}>
            Ask Question
          </a>
        </div>
        <div style={listStyles.subHead}>
          <span style={listStyles.count}>{questions.length.toLocaleString('en-US')} questions</span>
          <div style={listStyles.tabs}>
            {FILTER_TABS.map((tab) => (
              <a href="/" style={listStyles.tab}>
                {tab}
              </a>
            ))}
          </div>
        </div>

        <ul>{questions.map((question) => renderQuestionRow(question, { interactive: true }))}</ul>

        {/* Native form; enhanced submissions refresh this whole region. */}
        <form enhance mutation={postQuestionMutation} id="ask-question" style={listStyles.composer}>
          <input type="hidden" name="id" value={freshId('q')} />
          <p style={listStyles.composerTitle}>Ask a public question</p>
          <p style={listStyles.composerHint}>
            {totalVotes} votes cast across the community — be specific and imagine you&rsquo;re
            asking another person.
          </p>
          <label style={listStyles.label} for="ask-title">
            Title
          </label>
          <input
            id="ask-title"
            name="title"
            required
            placeholder="e.g. How do I center a div with flexbox?"
            style={listStyles.input}
          />
          <label style={listStyles.label} for="ask-body">
            Body
          </label>
          <textarea
            id="ask-body"
            name="body"
            required
            rows="3"
            placeholder="Include all the information someone would need to answer your question…"
            style={listStyles.input}
          />
          <FormError
            code="DUPLICATE_TITLE"
            failure={slots.forms.postQuestion.failure}
            style={listStyles.error}
            message={(failure: DuplicateTitleFailure) =>
              `A question titled "${failure.payload.title}" already exists.`
            }
          />
          <div style={listStyles.composerActions}>
            <button type="submit" style={listStyles.submitButton}>
              Post your question
            </button>
          </div>
        </form>
      </div>
    );
  },
});
examples/stackoverflow/src/components/question-detail.tsxtsx
/** @jsxImportSource @kovojs/server */
import { safeRichHtml } from '@kovojs/browser';
import { component, type ComponentChild } from '@kovojs/core';
import { Defer } from '@kovojs/server';
import * as style from '@kovojs/style';

import { postAnswerMutation } from '../mutations.js';
import { questionAnswers, questionDetail } from '../queries.js';
import type { QuestionAnswersResult, QuestionDetailResult } from '../model.js';
import {
  compactCount,
  freshId,
  parseTags,
  relativeTime,
  renderTags,
  renderUserCard,
  viewsFor,
  voteButton,
} from '../components/chrome.js';

// Palette inlined as a same-file literal (StyleX-style extraction resolves only
// same-file literals; SPEC §13.1). Mirrors the `so` palette in chrome.tsx.
const so = {
  white: '#ffffff',
  border: '#e3e6e8',
  borderMed: '#d6d9dc',
  text: '#0c0d0e',
  textSecondary: '#232629',
  textMuted: '#525960',
  textLight: '#6a737c',
  link: '#0074cc',
  linkHover: '#0a95ff',
  blue: '#0a95ff',
  blueHover: '#0074cc',
  blueText: '#ffffff',
  acceptedText: '#3d8b5f',
} as const;

// Question detail for `/questions/:id`: the question post, its answers, and the
// answer composer — laid out like a Stack Overflow question page (vote gutter,
// post body, tags, user card, then the answer list and "Your Answer" form).

const detailStyles = style.create({
  header: {
    borderBottomColor: so.border,
    borderBottomStyle: 'solid',
    borderBottomWidth: 1,
    paddingBlockEnd: 12,
  },
  titleRow: {
    alignItems: 'flex-start',
    display: 'flex',
    gap: 16,
    justifyContent: 'space-between',
  },
  detailTitle: {
    color: so.text,
    fontSize: 26,
    fontWeight: 400,
    lineHeight: 1.3,
    margin: 0,
  },
  askButton: {
    backgroundColor: so.blue,
    borderColor: so.blue,
    borderRadius: 4,
    borderStyle: 'solid',
    borderWidth: 1,
    color: so.blueText,
    flexShrink: 0,
    fontSize: 13,
    paddingBlock: 10,
    paddingInline: 11,
    textDecoration: 'none',
    ':hover': { backgroundColor: so.blueHover },
  },
  metaRow: {
    color: so.textMuted,
    display: 'flex',
    flexWrap: 'wrap',
    fontSize: 13,
    gap: 16,
    marginBlockStart: 8,
  },
  metaLabel: { color: so.textLight },
  metaValue: { color: so.textSecondary },
  post: {
    borderBottomColor: so.border,
    borderBottomStyle: 'solid',
    borderBottomWidth: 1,
    display: 'flex',
    gap: 16,
    paddingBlock: 16,
    '@media (max-width: 600px)': { gap: 10 },
  },
  postAccepted: { backgroundColor: '#fbfdfb' },
  gutter: {
    alignItems: 'center',
    color: so.textLight,
    display: 'flex',
    flexDirection: 'column',
    flexShrink: 0,
    gap: 4,
    width: 42,
  },
  voteArrow: {
    alignItems: 'center',
    borderColor: so.borderMed,
    borderRadius: 1000,
    borderStyle: 'solid',
    borderWidth: 1,
    color: so.textLight,
    display: 'grid',
    fontSize: 11,
    height: 26,
    lineHeight: 1,
    placeItems: 'center',
    width: 26,
  },
  voteNum: {
    color: so.textSecondary,
    fontSize: 19,
    fontVariantNumeric: 'tabular-nums',
    fontWeight: 500,
    lineHeight: 1,
  },
  acceptCheck: {
    color: so.acceptedText,
    fontSize: 26,
    lineHeight: 1,
    marginBlockStart: 2,
  },
  postMain: { display: 'grid', flex: '1 1 0%', gap: 14, minWidth: 0 },
  body: {
    color: so.text,
    fontSize: 15,
    lineHeight: 1.65,
    margin: 0,
    whiteSpace: 'pre-wrap',
  },
  postFooter: {
    alignItems: 'flex-end',
    display: 'flex',
    flexWrap: 'wrap',
    gap: 12,
    justifyContent: 'space-between',
  },
  answersHead: {
    alignItems: 'center',
    display: 'flex',
    gap: 12,
    justifyContent: 'space-between',
    marginBlockStart: 24,
    marginBlockEnd: 4,
  },
  answersTitle: { color: so.text, fontSize: 19, fontWeight: 400, margin: 0 },
  sortControl: {
    borderColor: so.borderMed,
    borderRadius: 4,
    borderStyle: 'solid',
    borderWidth: 1,
    color: so.textMuted,
    fontSize: 12,
    paddingBlock: 5,
    paddingInline: 8,
  },
  answerList: { listStyle: 'none', margin: 0, padding: 0 },
  acceptedBadge: {
    alignItems: 'center',
    color: so.acceptedText,
    display: 'inline-flex',
    fontSize: 13,
    fontWeight: 600,
    gap: 5,
  },
  acceptedCheckSm: { fontSize: 15, lineHeight: 1 },
  composer: { display: 'grid', gap: 12, marginBlockStart: 28 },
  composerTitle: { color: so.text, fontSize: 19, fontWeight: 400, margin: 0 },
  input: {
    backgroundColor: so.white,
    borderColor: so.borderMed,
    borderRadius: 4,
    borderStyle: 'solid',
    borderWidth: 1,
    boxSizing: 'border-box',
    color: so.text,
    fontSize: 13,
    paddingBlock: 9,
    paddingInline: 11,
    width: '100%',
    ':focus': {
      borderColor: so.blue,
      boxShadow: '0 0 0 4px rgba(10,149,255,0.15)',
      outline: 'none',
    },
  },
  textarea: { lineHeight: 1.5, resize: 'vertical' },
  composerActions: { display: 'flex', justifyContent: 'flex-start' },
  submitButton: {
    backgroundColor: so.blue,
    borderColor: so.blue,
    borderRadius: 4,
    borderStyle: 'solid',
    borderWidth: 1,
    color: so.blueText,
    fontSize: 13,
    paddingBlock: 10,
    paddingInline: 11,
    ':hover': { backgroundColor: so.blueHover },
  },
  notFound: { color: so.textMuted, fontSize: 15, paddingBlock: 24 },
  back: {
    alignItems: 'center',
    color: so.link,
    display: 'inline-flex',
    fontSize: 13,
    gap: 6,
    marginBlockEnd: 12,
    textDecoration: 'none',
    ':hover': { color: so.linkHover },
  },
});

function renderQuestionPost(question: QuestionDetailResult): ComponentChild {
  const tags = parseTags(question.tags);
  return (
    <div style={detailStyles.post}>
      <div style={detailStyles.gutter}>{voteButton(question.id, question.score)}</div>
      <div style={detailStyles.postMain}>
        {/* SPEC §9.1/§4.8: the post body is user-authored content, so it is sanitized through the
            safeRichHtml rich-HTML floor (NOT branded raw with trustedHtml) before reaching the
            raw-HTML sink — KV426 by-construction safe path for query/request-derived markup. */}
        <p style={detailStyles.body}>{safeRichHtml(question.body)}</p>
        <div style={detailStyles.postFooter}>
          {renderTags(tags)}
          {renderUserCard(question.authorId, question.authorName, question.createdAt, 'asked')}
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  );
}

function renderAnswerPost(answer: QuestionAnswersResult[number]): ComponentChild {
  return (
    <li key={answer.id} style={detailStyles.post}>
      <div style={detailStyles.gutter}>
        <span style={detailStyles.voteArrow} aria-hidden="true">
          &#9650;
        </span>
        <span style={detailStyles.voteNum}>{answer.score}</span>
        <span style={detailStyles.voteArrow} aria-hidden="true">
          &#9660;
        </span>
        {answer.accepted ? (
          <span style={detailStyles.acceptCheck} aria-label="Accepted">
            &#10003;
          </span>
        ) : (
          ''
        )}
      </div>
      <div style={detailStyles.postMain}>
        {answer.accepted ? (
          <span style={detailStyles.acceptedBadge}>
            <span style={detailStyles.acceptedCheckSm}>&#10003;</span> Accepted answer
          </span>
        ) : (
          ''
        )}
        {/* SPEC §9.1/§4.8: user-authored answer body sanitized via safeRichHtml (KV426 safe path). */}
        <p style={detailStyles.body}>{safeRichHtml(answer.body)}</p>
        <div style={detailStyles.postFooter}>
          <span />
          {renderUserCard(answer.authorId, answer.authorName, answer.createdAt, 'answered')}
        </div>
      </div>
    </li>
  );
}

function renderQuestionDetailSecondary(
  question: QuestionDetailResult,
  ordered: QuestionAnswersResult,
  questionId: string,
): ComponentChild {
  return (
    <section>
      <div style={detailStyles.answersHead}>
        <h2 style={detailStyles.answersTitle}>
          {question.answerCount} {question.answerCount === 1 ? 'Answer' : 'Answers'}
        </h2>
        <span style={detailStyles.sortControl}>Sorted by: Highest score</span>
      </div>
      <ul style={detailStyles.answerList}>{ordered.map((answer) => renderAnswerPost(answer))}</ul>

      {/* Native form; enhanced submissions refresh this whole region. */}
      <form enhance mutation={postAnswerMutation} id="your-answer" style={detailStyles.composer}>
        <input type="hidden" name="id" value={freshId('a')} />
        <input type="hidden" name="questionId" value={questionId} />
        <h2 style={detailStyles.composerTitle}>Your Answer</h2>
        <textarea
          id="answer-body"
          name="body"
          required
          rows="6"
          placeholder="Share what you know — code and reasoning welcome…"
          style={[detailStyles.input, detailStyles.textarea]}
        />
        <div style={detailStyles.composerActions}>
          <button type="submit" style={detailStyles.submitButton}>
            Post Your Answer
          </button>
        </div>
      </form>
    </section>
  );
}

// Accepted answer first, then by score (desc) — Stack Overflow's default order.
function sortedAnswers(answers: QuestionAnswersResult): QuestionAnswersResult {
  return [...answers].sort((left, right) => {
    if (left.accepted !== right.accepted) return left.accepted ? -1 : 1;
    return right.score - left.score;
  });
}

// Interactive region rendered inside the full page and fragment responses.
export const QuestionDetailRegion = component({
  mutations: { postAnswer: postAnswerMutation },
  props: { questionId: String },
  queries: {
    answers: questionAnswers.args((props: { questionId: string }) => ({
      questionId: props.questionId,
    })),
    question: questionDetail.args((props: { questionId: string }) => ({ id: props.questionId })),
  },
  render: (
    {
      answers,
      question,
      questionId,
    }: {
      answers: QuestionAnswersResult;
      question: QuestionDetailResult | null;
      questionId: string;
    },
    _state,
  ) => {
    if (!question) {
      return (
        <div>
          <a style={detailStyles.back} href="/">
            &larr; All questions
          </a>
          <h1 style={detailStyles.detailTitle}>Question not found</h1>
          <p style={detailStyles.notFound}>
            This question does not exist (it may have been a demo that reset).
          </p>
        </div>
      );
    }

    const views = viewsFor(question.id, question.score);
    const asked = relativeTime(question.createdAt);
    const ordered = sortedAnswers(answers);
    const secondaryTarget = `question-detail-secondary:${question.id}`;
    return (
      <div>
        <div style={detailStyles.header}>
          <div style={detailStyles.titleRow}>
            <h1 style={detailStyles.detailTitle}>{question.title}</h1>
            <a href="#your-answer" style={detailStyles.askButton}>
              Ask Question
            </a>
          </div>
          <div style={detailStyles.metaRow}>
            <span>
              <span style={detailStyles.metaLabel}>Asked</span>{' '}
              <span style={detailStyles.metaValue}>{asked}</span>
            </span>
            <span>
              <span style={detailStyles.metaLabel}>Viewed</span>{' '}
              <span style={detailStyles.metaValue}>{`${compactCount(views)} times`}</span>
            </span>
          </div>
        </div>

        {renderQuestionPost(question)}

        <Defer
          fallback={
            <section
              aria-busy="true"
              style="min-height:720px"
              data-kovo-region-placeholder="answers"
            />
          }
          priority="after-paint"
          render={() => renderQuestionDetailSecondary(question, ordered, questionId)}
          target={secondaryTarget}
        />
      </div>
    );
  },
});
examples/stackoverflow/src/queries.tsts
import { s } from '@kovojs/server';
import { and, asc, eq, sum } from 'drizzle-orm';

import { app } from './kovo.js';
import {
  vote,
  type AnswerListResult,
  type QuestionAnswersResult,
  type QuestionDetailResult,
  type QuestionListResult,
  type QuestionScoreResult,
} from './model.js';
import { answers, questions, votes } from './schema.js';

// Drizzle selects stay inline so the generated StackOverflow artifacts can
// inspect query shapes and register derived query-read domains.

// SPEC §9.4/§10.3 (MARQUEE): `defineKovo({ db })` infers the framework-owned read-only handle at
// `context.db`. Write verbs are absent at the type level and throw at runtime; session scope rides
// the app-inferred request context.

// The list is ordered by stable id so a vote changes the score without reshuffling
// rows while a fragment response is being applied.
//
// Reads are public Q&A browsing (KV436 access decision, SPEC §10.2): every visitor
// gets an auto-provisioned demo session, so there is no authentication wall on reads.
const PUBLIC_QA_READ = 'public Q&A browsing';

export const questionList = app.query({
  access: app.publicAccess(PUBLIC_QA_READ),
  load: async (_input, context): Promise<QuestionListResult> => {
    const db = context.db;
    const sessionId = context.request.session?.id;
    if (!sessionId) {
      throw new Error('stackoverflow query loaders require request.session.id');
    }
    const items = await db
      .select({
        authorId: questions.authorId,
        authorName: questions.authorName,
        body: questions.body,
        createdAt: questions.createdAt,
        id: questions.id,
        tags: questions.tags,
        title: questions.title,
        score: questions.score,
        answerCount: questions.answerCount,
      })
      .from(questions)
      .where(eq(questions.sessionId, sessionId))
      .orderBy(questions.id);
    // Keep the explicit property for the artifact generator.
    return { items: items };
  },
});

// All answers, ordered by stable id.
export const answerList = app.query({
  access: app.publicAccess(PUBLIC_QA_READ),
  load: async (_input, context): Promise<AnswerListResult> => {
    const db = context.db;
    const sessionId = context.request.session?.id;
    if (!sessionId) {
      throw new Error('stackoverflow query loaders require request.session.id');
    }
    const items = await db
      .select({
        id: answers.id,
        questionId: answers.questionId,
        body: answers.body,
        score: answers.score,
      })
      .from(answers)
      .where(eq(answers.sessionId, sessionId))
      .orderBy(answers.id);
    return { items: items };
  },
});

export const questionDetail = app.query({
  access: app.publicAccess(PUBLIC_QA_READ),
  args: s.object({ id: s.string() }),
  load: async (input, context): Promise<QuestionDetailResult | null> => {
    const db = context.db;
    const sessionId = context.request.session?.id;
    if (!sessionId) {
      throw new Error('stackoverflow query loaders require request.session.id');
    }
    const [row] = await db
      .select({
        id: questions.id,
        title: questions.title,
        body: questions.body,
        authorId: questions.authorId,
        score: questions.score,
        answerCount: questions.answerCount,
        authorName: questions.authorName,
        tags: questions.tags,
        createdAt: questions.createdAt,
      })
      .from(questions)
      .where(and(eq(questions.sessionId, sessionId), eq(questions.id, input.id)))
      .limit(1);
    return row ?? null;
  },
});

export const questionAnswers = app.query({
  access: app.publicAccess(PUBLIC_QA_READ),
  args: s.object({ questionId: s.string() }),
  load: async (input, context): Promise<QuestionAnswersResult> => {
    const db = context.db;
    const sessionId = context.request.session?.id;
    if (!sessionId) {
      throw new Error('stackoverflow query loaders require request.session.id');
    }
    const rows = await db
      .select({
        id: answers.id,
        questionId: answers.questionId,
        body: answers.body,
        score: answers.score,
        accepted: answers.accepted,
        authorId: answers.authorId,
        authorName: answers.authorName,
        createdAt: answers.createdAt,
      })
      .from(answers)
      .where(and(eq(answers.sessionId, sessionId), eq(answers.questionId, input.questionId)))
      .orderBy(asc(answers.id));
    return rows;
  },
});

// Total score across all question votes.
export const questionScore = app.query({
  access: app.publicAccess(PUBLIC_QA_READ),
  output: s.object({ score: s.number() }),
  reads: [vote],
  load: async (_input, context): Promise<QuestionScoreResult> => {
    const db = context.db;
    const sessionId = context.request.session?.id;
    if (!sessionId) {
      throw new Error('stackoverflow query loaders require request.session.id');
    }
    const rows = await db
      .select({ value: sum(votes.value) })
      .from(votes)
      .where(eq(votes.sessionId, sessionId));
    return { score: Number(rows[0]?.value ?? 0) };
  },
});
examples/stackoverflow/src/mutations.tsts
import { s } from '@kovojs/server';
import { and, eq, sql } from 'drizzle-orm';

import { app } from './kovo.js';
import { answer, question, vote } from './model.js';
import { questionDetail } from './queries.js';
import { answers, questions, votes } from './schema.js';

// Drizzle writes stay inline so compiler-owned app facts can attribute each effect to the exact
// mutation handle without hand-authored request/context types or registry augmentation.

const duplicateTitleError = s.object({ title: s.string() });
const postQuestionInput = s.object({
  id: s.string(),
  title: s.string(),
  body: s.string(),
});
const postAnswerInput = s.object({
  id: s.string(),
  questionId: s.string(),
  body: s.string(),
});
const voteUpInput = s.object({
  id: s.string(),
  targetId: s.string(),
});

export const postQuestionMutation = app.mutation({
  access: [app.authenticated],
  errors: {
    DUPLICATE_TITLE: duplicateTitleError,
  },
  input: postQuestionInput,
  registry: { touches: [question] },
  async handler({ id, title, body }, request, context) {
    const sessionId = request.session.id;
    const [existing] = await request.db
      .select({ id: questions.id })
      .from(questions)
      .where(and(eq(questions.sessionId, sessionId), eq(questions.title, title)))
      .limit(1);
    if (existing) {
      return context.fail('DUPLICATE_TITLE', { title });
    }

    await request.db.insert(questions).values({
      answerCount: 0,
      authorId: request.session.user.id,
      authorName: 'Anonymous',
      body,
      createdAt: '',
      id,
      score: 0,
      sessionId,
      tags: '',
      title,
    });
    return { id };
  },
});

export const postAnswerMutation = app.mutation({
  access: [app.authenticated],
  input: postAnswerInput,
  registry: { touches: [answer, question] },
  async handler({ id, questionId, body }, request) {
    const sessionId = request.session.id;
    await request.db.insert(answers).values({
      accepted: false,
      authorId: request.session.user.id,
      body,
      id,
      questionId,
      score: 0,
      sessionId,
    });
    await request.db
      .update(questions)
      .set({ answerCount: sql`${questions.answerCount} + ${1}` })
      .where(and(eq(questions.sessionId, sessionId), eq(questions.id, questionId)));
    return { id };
  },
});

export const voteUpMutation = app.mutation({
  access: [app.authenticated],
  input: voteUpInput,
  // The keyed whole-row query remains the named Stage-2 punt. Query-list and score optimism are
  // compiler-derived from the inline UPDATE/INSERT effects; the app does not repeat registry keys.
  optimistic: [
    questionDetail.optimistic(voteUpInput, {
      keys: (input) => [{ id: input.targetId }],
      apply(value) {
        return value ? { ...value, score: value.score + 1 } : null;
      },
    }),
  ],
  registry: { touches: [question, vote] },
  async handler({ id, targetId }, request) {
    const sessionId = request.session.id;
    await request.db.insert(votes).values({
      sessionId,
      targetType: 'question',
      targetId,
      userId: request.session.user.id,
      value: 1,
    });
    await request.db
      .update(questions)
      .set({ score: sql`${questions.score} + ${1}` })
      .where(and(eq(questions.sessionId, sessionId), eq(questions.id, targetId)));
    return { id };
  },
});
examples/stackoverflow/src/interactive-app.tsxtsx
/** @jsxImportSource @kovojs/server */
import { existsSync, readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
import { resolve } from 'node:path';
import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';

import { s, stylesheet, type RoutePageResult, type StylesheetAsset } from '@kovojs/server';

import { QuestionDetailRegion } from './components/question-detail.js';
import { QuestionListRegion } from './components/question-list.js';
import { TaggedQuestionsRegion } from './components/tagged-questions.js';
import { TagsPage } from './components/tags-page.js';
import { UserProfileRegion } from './components/user-profile.js';
import { UsersPage } from './components/users-page.js';
import { SoShell } from './components/chrome.js';
import { homeRail, questionRail, withRail } from './components/right-rail.js';
import type { SoDb } from './db.js';
import { app, resetSoDatabase } from './kovo.js';
import { postAnswerMutation, postQuestionMutation, voteUpMutation } from './mutations.js';
import {
  answerList,
  questionAnswers,
  questionDetail,
  questionList,
  questionScore,
} from './queries.js';
import { soTheme } from './theme.js';

// SPEC.md §9.1: KovOverflow — the Stack Overflow example as a fully interactive
// Kovo app. It registers the postQuestion / postAnswer / voteUp mutations and
// lets generated live-target renderers refresh visible query-backed regions from
// server truth. The native `enhance` forms POST to `/_m/*`; served by the Node
// server (scripts/serve.mjs), the inline loader morphs the re-rendered region.

const soRoot = fileURLToPath(new URL('../', import.meta.url));
const soCriticalCss = stackOverflowCriticalCss();
const soStaticQuestionPaths = Array.from(
  { length: 14 },
  (_unused, index) => `/questions/q${index + 1}`,
);

// One layout per nav section so the shell can highlight the active sidebar item
// without threading the request URL through the render slots.
// Every section route is public Q&A browsing — visitors get an auto-provisioned demo
// session, so reads have no auth wall. The layouts carry the public access decision
// each child route inherits (KV436, SPEC §10.2); writes (votes/posts) stay guarded.
const QuestionsLayout = app.layout({
  access: app.publicAccess('public Q&A browsing'),
  render: (_queries, _state, { children }) => <SoShell active="questions">{children}</SoShell>,
});
const TagsLayout = app.layout({
  access: app.publicAccess('public Q&A browsing'),
  render: (_queries, _state, { children }) => <SoShell active="tags">{children}</SoShell>,
});
const UsersLayout = app.layout({
  access: app.publicAccess('public Q&A browsing'),
  render: (_queries, _state, { children }) => <SoShell active="users">{children}</SoShell>,
});

interface StackOverflowStylesheetManifest {
  app: readonly StylesheetAsset[];
  fragments: Readonly<Record<string, readonly StylesheetAsset[]>>;
  href?: string;
  routes: Readonly<Record<string, readonly StylesheetAsset[]>>;
}

function stackOverflowStylesheetManifest(): StackOverflowStylesheetManifest {
  const manifestPath = resolve(stackOverflowDistRoot(), 'stackoverflow-css-manifest.json');
  if (!existsSync(manifestPath)) return emptyStackOverflowStylesheetManifest();

  try {
    return stackOverflowStylesheetManifestFromJson(JSON.parse(readFileSync(manifestPath, 'utf8')));
  } catch {
    return emptyStackOverflowStylesheetManifest();
  }
}

function stackOverflowStylesheetManifestFromJson(value: unknown): StackOverflowStylesheetManifest {
  if (!isRecord(value)) return emptyStackOverflowStylesheetManifest();
  const href =
    typeof value.href === 'string' && localAssetHref(value.href) ? value.href : undefined;
  const app = stylesheetAssetList(value.app);
  const routes = stylesheetAssetMap(value.routes);
  const fragments = stylesheetAssetMap(value.fragments);

  return {
    app,
    fragments,
    ...(href === undefined ? {} : { href }),
    routes,
  };
}

function emptyStackOverflowStylesheetManifest(): StackOverflowStylesheetManifest {
  return { app: [], fragments: {}, routes: {} };
}

function stackOverflowDistRoot(): string {
  return process.env.KOVO_SO_CSS_DIST
    ? resolve(process.env.KOVO_SO_CSS_DIST)
    : resolve(soRoot, 'dist');
}

function stackOverflowBaseStylesheets(
  manifest: StackOverflowStylesheetManifest,
): readonly StylesheetAsset[] {
  return [
    stylesheet('./styles.css', {
      ...(soCriticalCss === undefined ? {} : { criticalCss: soCriticalCss }),
      href: manifest.href ?? '/assets/styles.css',
      theme: soTheme,
    }),
    ...deferredStylesheetRefs(manifest.app),
  ];
}

function stackOverflowRouteStylesheets(
  manifest: StackOverflowStylesheetManifest,
  routePath: string,
): readonly StylesheetAsset[] {
  return [
    ...stackOverflowBaseStylesheets(manifest),
    ...deferredStylesheetRefs(manifest.routes[routePath] ?? []),
  ];
}

function stylesheetAssetMap(value: unknown): Readonly<Record<string, readonly StylesheetAsset[]>> {
  if (!isRecord(value)) return {};
  return Object.fromEntries(
    Object.entries(value).map(([key, assets]) => [key, stylesheetAssetList(assets)]),
  );
}

function stylesheetAssetList(value: unknown): readonly StylesheetAsset[] {
  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return [];
  return value.filter(isStylesheetAsset);
}

function deferredStylesheetRefs(assets: readonly StylesheetAsset[]): readonly StylesheetAsset[] {
  return assets.map((asset) => ({
    deferFull: true,
    href: asset.href,
    ...(asset.preload === undefined ? {} : { preload: asset.preload }),
  }));
}

function isStylesheetAsset(value: unknown): value is StylesheetAsset {
  if (!isRecord(value) || typeof value.href !== 'string' || !localAssetHref(value.href)) {
    return false;
  }
  return (
    (value.criticalCss === undefined || typeof value.criticalCss === 'string') &&
    (value.deferFull === undefined || typeof value.deferFull === 'boolean') &&
    (value.preload === undefined || typeof value.preload === 'boolean')
  );
}

function localAssetHref(value: string): boolean {
  return value.startsWith('/assets/');
}

function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
}

function stackOverflowCriticalCss(): string | undefined {
  const sourcePath = resolve(soRoot, 'src/styles.css');
  if (!existsSync(sourcePath)) return undefined;

  try {
    return readFileSync(sourcePath, 'utf8');
  } catch {
    return undefined;
  }
}

export interface BuildSoInteractiveAppOptions {
  db?: SoDb;
}

const stylesheetManifest = stackOverflowStylesheetManifest();
const publicBrowsing = app.publicAccess('public Q&A browsing');

// SPEC.md §5.1: one parameterized detail route (not a route per seeded row), so questions posted
// at runtime are immediately viewable.
const questionDetailRoute = app.route('/questions/:id', {
  access: publicBrowsing,
  meta: { description: 'Question detail', title: 'Question · KovOverflow' },
  params: s.object({ id: s.string() }),
  staticPaths: soStaticQuestionPaths,
  page({ params }) {
    return withRail(
      <QuestionDetailRegion questionId={params.id} />,
      questionRail(params.id),
    ) as RoutePageResult;
  },
  layout: QuestionsLayout,
  stylesheets: stackOverflowRouteStylesheets(stylesheetManifest, '/questions/:id'),
});

const taggedQuestionsRoute = app.route('/questions/tagged/:tag', {
  access: publicBrowsing,
  meta: { description: 'Questions filtered by tag', title: 'Tagged questions · KovOverflow' },
  params: s.object({ tag: s.string() }),
  page({ params }) {
    return <TaggedQuestionsRegion tag={params.tag} />;
  },
  layout: TagsLayout,
  stylesheets: stackOverflowRouteStylesheets(stylesheetManifest, '/questions/tagged/:tag'),
});

const userProfileRoute = app.route('/users/:id', {
  access: publicBrowsing,
  meta: { description: 'Member profile', title: 'User · KovOverflow' },
  params: s.object({ id: s.string() }),
  page({ params }) {
    return <UserProfileRegion userId={params.id} />;
  },
  layout: UsersLayout,
  stylesheets: stackOverflowRouteStylesheets(stylesheetManifest, '/users/:id'),
});

const homeRoute = app.route('/', {
  access: publicBrowsing,
  meta: {
    description: 'Top developer questions and answers.',
    title: 'Questions · KovOverflow',
  },
  page() {
    return withRail(<QuestionListRegion />, homeRail()) as RoutePageResult;
  },
  layout: QuestionsLayout,
  stylesheets: stackOverflowRouteStylesheets(stylesheetManifest, '/'),
});

const tagsRoute = app.route('/tags', {
  access: publicBrowsing,
  meta: { description: 'Browse questions by tag.', title: 'Tags · KovOverflow' },
  page() {
    return <TagsPage />;
  },
  layout: TagsLayout,
  stylesheets: stackOverflowRouteStylesheets(stylesheetManifest, '/tags'),
});

const usersRoute = app.route('/users', {
  access: publicBrowsing,
  meta: { description: 'The KovOverflow community.', title: 'Users · KovOverflow' },
  page() {
    return <UsersPage />;
  },
  layout: UsersLayout,
  stylesheets: stackOverflowRouteStylesheets(stylesheetManifest, '/users'),
});

export const soApp = app.assemble({
  layouts: [QuestionsLayout, TagsLayout, UsersLayout],
  mutations: [voteUpMutation, postAnswerMutation, postQuestionMutation],
  queries: [questionList, answerList, questionDetail, questionAnswers, questionScore],
  routes: [
    homeRoute,
    taggedQuestionsRoute,
    questionDetailRoute,
    tagsRoute,
    usersRoute,
    userProfileRoute,
  ],
});

/** Reset the test/development database and return the already-closed app token. */
export async function buildSoInteractiveApp(options: BuildSoInteractiveAppOptions = {}) {
  const db = await resetSoDatabase(options.db);
  return { app: soApp, db };
}

Read this example#

Stack Overflow is a forum/Q&A app over Drizzle/PGlite: ranked question list, tags, users, question detail, votes, and answer posting. It demonstrates the fully compiler-derived end of Kovo optimism.

File Why it matters
examples/stackoverflow/src/interactive-app.tsx App declaration, layout, routes, and registered facts.
examples/stackoverflow/src/components/chrome.tsx Shared app frame.
examples/stackoverflow/src/components/question-list.tsx Ranked list region.
examples/stackoverflow/src/components/question-detail.tsx Detail route, answers, and vote forms.
examples/stackoverflow/src/components/tags-page.tsx Tag navigation pattern.
examples/stackoverflow/src/queries.ts Reads for list, detail, tags, users, and session-shaped data.
examples/stackoverflow/src/mutations.ts Vote, answer, and question writes.
examples/stackoverflow/src/interactive-app.test.ts HTTP and mutation coverage over compiler-emitted live targets.

Forum/Q&A pattern#

Use this shape for forums, knowledge bases, issue trackers, and Q&A products where list pages, detail pages, votes, answers, tags, and per-user state all need to stay coherent. Keep the global frame in a shared layout(), then model list, tag, user, and detail pages as separate routes.

Separate public facts from session-shaped facts. Ranked lists, tag counts, question bodies, and answers can be shared. User vote state, draft permissions, and signed-in actions should be scoped through explicit session-aware queries or guarded routes so the graph shows the boundary.

Forum writes often fit derived optimism: a vote or answer insert can be joined with the query read set to predict the visible count, score, or new row. When a rank, moderation rule, or permission check depends on server-only state, declare 'await-fragment' for that query and let the response be authoritative.

sh
pnpm --filter @kovojs/example-stackoverflow dev
pnpm --filter @kovojs/example-stackoverflow test
pnpm --filter @kovojs/example-stackoverflow build
pnpm --filter @kovojs/example-stackoverflow start
pnpm --filter @kovojs/example-stackoverflow test -- src/interactive-app.test.ts